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A five page paper which loks at the concept of self-knowledge in the essays of Michel de Montaigne, and the way in which he sees the individual as relating to nature and to social systems. Bibliography lists 1 source.

An 8 page essay that contrasts and compares Voltaire and Jonathan Swift as social critics. The writer argues that Jean Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire in his text Zadig (1747) and Jonathan Swift in his text Gulliver's Travels (1726) created scathing satirical comments on their respective societies of France and England. In both cases, these great satirists used an imaginative setting as a thinly disguised framework on which to pin their insightful parodies of eighteenth century culture. Both Voltaire and Swift employ considerable humor, but nevertheless present situations that comment on the foibles and hypocrisies of their particular era. No additional sources cited.

This is a 6 page paper discussing the equality and education of women in the works of Ibsen, de Pizan, Wollstonecraft, Mill and Chopin. The equality and education of women and issues which relate to the equality of in marriage have long been evident in the literature of the past 500 years. Christine de Pizan in 1405 first wrote on the importance of the education of women and the ideals of equality in her work “Book of the City of Ladies”. Since that time the same issues have been discussed by Henrik Ibsen in the relationship between Nora and Torvald in “A Doll’s House” (1879), Mary Wollstonecraft in ““A Vindication of the Rights of Women” (1792), John Stuart Mill in “The Subjection of Women” (1869) and Kate Chopin in “The Awakening” (1899). Contrary to the popular belief that women need marriage and men to “rise” in society, these writings show that women crave education and only want marriage if it can be on equal intellectual terms. Bibliography lists 10 sources.

A 5 page paper which examines how the Renaissance manifests itself throughout the text in terms of humanism, politics, and abstract expressionism. No additional sources are used.

This 10 page paper looks at this artist's work and provides a thesis on why she was not considered to be up to par with her contemporaries such as Jackson Pollock or even her husband Willem. Her work is discussed and ideas that go to her social position are also included. Bibliography lists 11 sources.

A 5 page paper discussing the art of this graphic designer. The quadrille was but one of the components of the lively Paris nightlife found in Montmartre at the end of the 19th century. It provided Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901) with a beginning point for public display of his artwork in the form of posters for Moulin Rouge, Jane Avril, May Belfort, Chocolat, La Goulue, and Yvette Guilbert. In return, Toulouse-Lautrec gave Montmartre and its performers a taste of immortality while giving rise to the “can-can,” the American Burlesque version of the risqué quadrille forms performed in Paris nightclubs during the “gay 90s,” the final decade of the 19th century. Along the way, he created advertising art that persists more as art than as advertising more than a century after his death. Bibliography lists 4 sources.

A 5 page literary critique of “The Necklace” by Guy de Maupassant. Bibliography lists 5 sources.

A 2.5 page paper which examines the characteristics of the novel. Bibliography lists 4 sources.

This 12 page paper examines the feminist ideas and philosophy of Beauvoir. Furthermore, these ideas are examined in light of other notable philosophers and their attitudes towards women's issues, such as those of Mill and Aristotle. Bibliography lists 4 sources.

A paper which compares the impressions of these two writers of early American culture, and considers which of them had the more accurate perception of American society. Bibliography lists 3 sources

A 14 page research paper that investigates the work of Douglas Hyde (1860-1949), who was a scholar, playwright and cultural revivalist. He grew up in an area of Ireland that was rich with tradition and where the Irish language was still spoken by some of its inhabitants. Hyde received his education at Trinity College where he studied ancient Gaelic (Jang). By 1892, Hyde recognized that his native culture was in danger of completely perishing, despite a passionate national spirit. In a lecture given before the newly formed Irish National Literary Society on November 24, 1892, Hyde laid out the parameters of the problem and what he saw as the solution -- the de-Anglicization of Ireland. This examination of Hyde's philosophy demonstrates the utility of his plays, written in the Irish language, for exporting and promoting his philosophy in regards to the preservation of the Irish language and Irish culture. Bibliography lists 7 sources.

This 5 page report discusses the art of Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) is generally considered to be the "foremost" or "most important" Flemish painter of the 17th century. The report discusses Rubens' personal style and the influences in his artistic development. The 24 paintings he created between 1622-25 at the behest of the dowager queen of France, Marie de' Medici for her Luxembourg Palace in Paris. They are particularly unique in that his patron was a woman and that she was also the subject. The "Medici cycle" as they have come to be known were large, allegorical paintings based on her life. Bibliography lists 2 sources.

This 4 page paper tries to answer the question: Can Ordinary Americans Develop a More Effective Democracy? This paper relates the fact that when our Founding Fathers created the Constitution, one of the central dictums of the preamble was that if the government stopped working for the people, that another form of democratic government should be developed in its place. Most agree it can't happen. One of the fundamental reasons that this is the case is because it can be argued that ordinary Americans do not have enough of the qualities needed to develop a more effective democracy. In order to understand this argument, then, it is beneficial to consider some of the perspectives of a number of theorists, including James Madison, Gabriel Almond, Sidney Verba, Fareed Zakaria and de Toqueville. Bibliography lists 3 sources.

A 12 page research paper that examines Jean Vigo's film Zero de Conduite (Zero for Conduct) (1933) and Jean Renoir's La Regle du Jeu (Rules of the Game) (1939). The writer argues that these films are two French films that are similar in the manner in which they castigate the rigidity and shallowness of French society. These films are also similar in that each director sums up the meaning of the film in the ending. In each case, the film's tone, symbolism and principal thrust culminate in powerful scenes that convey the director's vision in its entirety. Bibliography lists 6 sources.

17 pages answering 9 questions focusing on business management and theory, and on globalization’s effects. Questions’ topics include de-industrialization; knowledge management; just-in-time production; hacker ethic; and the new international division of labor. Each of these receive one-page replies; other topics receive longer replies of at least 2.5 pages each. These other questions address business process reengineering (BPR) as seen by Michael Hammer and Simon Head; how technological advances have affected the working environment over the years; knowledge management; and whether globalization has affected nations’ ability to control the course of technological change within their borders. Bibliography lists 7 sources.

This 28 page paper responds to nine disparate questions incorporating each of these four works into each response: El Cid; Koran; Yvain or the Knight with the Lion by Chretien de Troyes; and The Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville. In the last case, some responses are in the perspective of King Louis IX (St. Louis) and others are from Joinville's perspective. Examples of topics: What significance does each place on earthly rewards? How does each respond to conflict? How do each view women and/or women's accomplishments and what accomplishments die medieval France admire in women? What do each expect of followers? How does accountability fit into each? Bibliography lists 9 sources.

This 12 page looks at different issues of free movement under EU law. There are three sections, The first considers a case where a law has been passed banning the importation of some goods into the UK with the justification used by the UK government of health reasons. This is considered with reference to article 28 and cases such as the Cassis de Dijon in order to assess if this law would be enforceable. The second question look at restrictive trade agreements, where exclusive agreements are made with restrictive terms and conditions. This is considered against the Article 81 and Regulation (EC) 2790/99. The last question looks at the case of a UK national who is refused a job in Greece with the claim that the job is in the public service. This looks at discrimination and article 39. The bibliography cites 5 sources.

This 8 page report discusses William James (1842-1910) and his attempt to create and/or follow a path that would lead between a rationalistic order that was not empirical enough and an empirical system so fundamentally materialistic that it was not possible that it could actually account for the value covenants on which it rested. Other writers dealing with most fundamental aspects of existence -- W.E.B. Du Bois, Simone de Beauvoir, and John Rawls -- wrote about what was essentially their version of the same process. Bibliography lists 8 sources. BWdichwj.rtf

8 pages in length. Examining both the subtle and blatant differences between the role of military power in twenty-first-century crisis management and that of the Cold War and 1990s finds tremendously gapping holes where the concept of vulnerability is concerned. The duality of censorship and public information has reached an apex of integration where contemporary military power is concerned, often going so far as to influence the manner by which the decision-making process transpires; issues of prevention are approached; escalation, de-escalation and termination options are determined; as well as how the entire foundation of structures and processes are applied from what has now become a highly publicized spectacle rather than the covert operation it has historically been. In the case of Cold War, however, technology of another sort was providing a strength of character and fortitude that ultimately enabled Reagan and the military to engage in the Strategic Defense Initiative. Bibliography lists 12 sources.

This 43 page paper is an in-depth examination of the Gucci group. The paper begins with the history of the company under the guidance of Guccio Gucci and the way it developed after his death in 1953. The paper looks at the fall of the company and its recovery under Dominico De Sole and Tom Ford. The paper then examines the current position of the company, including the strategic alliance with PPR and the strategies that have been used by the company. This includes how it markets its products, the product mix using the BCG matrix, the role of acquisition and finally a financial analysis to ascertain the impact that the strategies of the last few years had had on the company’s performance. The bibliography cites 41 sources.

This is a 10 page paper discussing spatial design used by Rietveld, Mondrian and Kobori Enshu. Architect, artist and designer Gerrit Rietveld was part of an art movement in the Netherlands in the 1920s called “De Stijl” (The Style). One of the movement’s co-founders was artist Piet Mondrian, also from the Netherlands, whose work such as “Composition in Red, Yellow and Blue” emphasized the use of universalism, geometric forms and primary colors in addition to black and white in the creation of space. While Mondrian was primarily concerned with how his two-dimensional paintings could expand to include the interior environment which surrounded them within a room, Rietveld took the ideas proposed by the De Stijl movement into the architectural designs of homes. One of the best examples of Rietveld’s designs is found in Schroder House (1924) in Utrecht in which the use of creating space using geometric shapes, planes, primary colors and movement of walls is applied. Rietveld allows for the light from the outside to come into the house adding to the creation of space through the play of light on the walls and floors which have minimal decoration and are sparsely furnished to allow for an expansive creative space. The idea of universalism and geometric space to allow for the creation of space is not unique in architectural design and can be found as far back as the 1600s in Kobori Enshu’s design of the Katsura Palace in Kyoto which applied the creation of space with the tatami module design also using moveable walls and walls which opened to the environment for flexibility in space. Bibliography lists 14 sources.

This is a 3 page paper discussing Euler’s refutation of Fermat’s conjecture. In 1637, French lawyer Pierre de Fermat wrote that he had “discovered a truly marvelous proof which this margin is too narrow to contain” in regards to a mathematical statement which had been unproven for over 1000 years. The basis of Fermat’s (“Last”) theorem or conjecture began with that of the Pythagoras equation [x.sup.2] + [y.sup.2] = [z.sup.2] which he proved “had an infinite set of whole number solutions” which related to the lengths of the sides of a right-angled triangle. Pythagoras did not know “how many solutions existed if the exponent in his equation were a number greater than 2”. Fermat claimed that “for any exponent greater than 2, there were no solutions at all”. During his lifetime however, Fermat often did not supply “proofs” of many of his theorems but many mathematicians since his time have been able to prove his claims to be correct except for that in relation to the Pythagoras equation. Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler (1707-1783) did however work further on many of Fermat’s theorems and “later proved that there are no solutions when the exponent is 3” and “unfortunately, an infinite number of cases remained and the case-by-case method was doomed to fail”. While Fermat’s Last Theorem proved to be difficult to prove, Euler managed to disprove and refute other assertions such as “2^(2^n) = p, where p is a prime number” and found that it is only true for the first four cases provided by Fermat. Bibliography lists 4 sources.

A 6 page discussion of the insight provided into European thought by this French author. Interestingly, Crèvecoeur only lived in the Americas for a relatively short period of time. He became a naturalized citizen, however, and even ventured out among the indigenous inhabitants of the country. His roots, however, and his ideological framework were definitely firmly planted in Europe. Never-the-less, Crèvecoeur’s so-called letters offer tremendous insight into the question of what it is to be an American, as well as how that status relates to such topics as the wilderness and even slavery. Bibliography lists 4 sources.

A 3 page essay that offers an overview of Balzac's novel Eugenie Grandet (1833). This is a story of obsessive love and the effect of love, or its lack, on the human heart. The writer also addresses Balzac's characterization of Eugenie. Bibliography lists 3 sources.

This 7 page report discusses Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) who is best-known for developing the ideas Plato originally presented in Cratylus regarding the relationship of the “signifier” to the “signified” which is also applicable to the “namer” and the “named.” For de Saussure the “signifier” are unified in an overall “sign” in which the signifier is the sound image related to a particular world while the signified is the conception or the mental image the sound evokes. Bibliography lists 4 sources.