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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
This 3 page paper provides an overview of some statistics relative to the issue of nonverbal communication, particularly smiling, and gender. This paper integrates some theoretical perspectives and sources. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Page Count:
4 pages (~225 words per page)
File: MH11_MHSmile.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
use of handshake, all convey messages that are based in cultural perspectives and relate to specific social and emotional elements (Argyle, 1975; See also Argyle, 1983). Theorists have recognized
that when nonverbal communication occurs across cultures, and have also made connections between unintentional nonverbal communication and emotional expression. Smiling is one element of nonverbal communication that has been
studied extensively in recent years. William James, in his facial feedback hypothesis, has argued that individuals experience emotions because of specific actions,
and that these actions, both intentional and unintentional, influence our own feelings (Izard, 1990). More specifically, James believed that emotion is feeling, and so emotional expressions, including facial expressions
in response to emotional changes, are manifestations of the feelings relative to emotions (Izard, 1990). James emphasized the belief that behaviors that are expressive, specifically facial changes that occur
in response to particular situations are essentially the activation of emotions (Izard, 1990). James emphasis on the significance of feeling and the attachment of meaning and direction to cognitive
behaviors that are attached to emotions are clearly defined elements of his hypothesis. This study, then, considers this perspective and attempts to bring together evidence, both in the current
literature and through observation, regarding the central premises of James hypothesis. Comparative views of smiling can be assessed relative to observational studies of a population of college students
in an experimental class. When certain stimuli is introduced to these students, notations of Duchenne and Non-Duchenne smiles are noted, relative to gender for each of three variable stimuli
(film, makeup and cars). With each new introduction of information, assessments can be made of the frequency of the smile given and variations based on gender. Statistical analysis
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