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In 5 pages the author discusses labeling theory. A definition is given, major theorists are listed, and some examples in research are provided. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
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5 pages (~225 words per page)
File: D0_Labelth.doc
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pushes the individual who was labeled into performing in the deviant role. This is also known as societal reaction theory (http://campus.murraystate.edu/academic/faculty/frank.elwell/Prob3/Glossary/gloss1.htm#).
It is posited that youths that see themselves as bad kids, deviants, or rule violators are more likely to engage in delinquency that those seeing themselves
as conformers. This is, in effect, the process of informal labeling or social identification. Etiological statements of labeling theory tend to focus on the negative consequences of labeling
individuals as delinquent. Beginning with parents, teachers, and peers and then moving on to members of the criminal justice system, the response to initial acts of primary deviance is
to label the youth as "bad" or "delinquent" (Bartusch PG). Labels are not randomly distributed across the social structure. They are more likely to be
applied to the powerless, disadvantaged, and poor. This is partly because the community sometimes acts on stereotypical images of delinquency. Delinquent labels are more likely applied to youth
that engage in rule-violating behavior. It is possible that the disadvantaged are more likely to be labeled regardless of their behavior (Bartusch PG).
According to Bartusch, "The delinquent label, in turn, influences the self-image of the youth, who comes to view himself or herself from the standpoint of others as delinquent, which
increases the likelihood of future delinquency" (Bartusch PG). This is seen to result in self-fulfilling prophecy. The process of deviance amplification or secondary deviance creates a disproportionate number
of delinquents among the disadvantaged (Bartusch PG). Since some studies find that official labeling affects self-images, and others do not, empirical research on these propositions
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