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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
An 8 page paper discussing several nervous system questions regarding the evolution of the central nervous systems of vertebrates and invertebrates; the relationship between a somatic sensory neuron in the hand, the associated alpha motor neuron and the cortical pyramidal cell; and what symptoms would be exhibited were the spinal cord be completely severed at the T2 vertebra. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Page Count:
8 pages (~225 words per page)
File: CC6_KSnerves.doc
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
that while gross morphology may have remained relatively constant that there have in fact been myriad small evolutionary changes in both vertebrate and invertebrate central nervous systems. The invertebrate system
is not one of a central controlling overseeing body as is that of the vertebrate, but rather consists of ganglia that are largely present in the locations where they need
to be. In many invertebrates, cerebral ganglia constitute the brain that is, as in vertebrates, located in the general area that can be considered the animals head. These
ganglia operate in conjunction with the sensory organs, whatever might be present in the particular animal. Other invertebrates have additional structures, but those belonging to the lower regions such
as snails and clams are similar though they may be adjusted to conform with the animals anatomy. As example, the ganglia structures of the snail are not located precisely
in areas that could be compared except in the most general of terms to locations of similar structures in the clam. In the snail, there are two cerebral ganglia in
the region of the head. These ganglia are the origins of nerves supplying the eyes and tentacles; there are other ganglia elsewhere in the snail that innervate digestive and
motion systems. Nishikawa (1997) points out that "most of the differences among insect nervous systems are found in the details of synaptic connections among highly conserved sets of neurons" (p.
341). It is in these synaptic connections that most evolutionary influences can be found, rather than in overall nervous system structure. In like manner, the nervous system of vertebrates
also show very little gross change that can be attributed to evolutionary pressures (Nishikawa, 1997). The author states that "From comparative studies of both vertebrates and invertebrates, a common
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