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This is a 6 page paper discussing the theories of Descartes, Hume, Kant and Nietzsche. The nature of knowledge and morality within philosophical arguments has taken considerable shifts over the ages. Rationalism and the ideas of Rene Descartes used the ideas of mathematical deduction through innate reasoning but are opposite to those of John Locke and David Hume and empiricism who used instead the concepts of scientific induction and experience. Immanuel Kant combines both theories fairly successfully in regards to man’s knowledge while Friedrich Nietzsche on the other hand, rejects the ideas that man can have any knowledge of himself.
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Rene Descartes used the ideas of mathematical deduction through innate reasoning but are opposite to those of John Locke and David Hume and empiricism who used instead the concepts of
scientific induction and experience. Immanuel Kant combines both theories fairly successfully in regards to mans knowledge while Friedrich Nietzsche on the other hand, rejects the ideas that man can have
any knowledge of himself. Rationalism and empiricism share the concepts that man does not know things instinctively but acquires knowledge through impressions
or phenomena. While rationalism is concerned with the impressions made upon the intellect, empiricism is concerned with the impression made upon the senses. In the debate of the knowledge of
the existence of known objects, rationalism relates to a mathematical deduction as its theoretical base while empiricism relies on scientific induction (Radical, 2001). Rene Descartes (1596-1650) is the philosopher most
often associated with rationalism and his major works are considered to be "Discourse on Method" (1637), "Mediations on First Philosophy" (1641), "Principles of Philosophy" (1644) and "The Passions of the
Soul" (1650). Descartes felt dissatisfied with some of the classical teachings in philosophy and emphasized that is should have a more practical basis because "philosophy is a perfect knowledge of
all that man can know, as well for the conduct of his life as for the preservation of his health and the discovery of all the arts" (Radical, 2001). As
a geometrician he was an admirer of Francis Bacon and he developed a Cartesian method of mathematical deductions based on self-observation. Basically, Descartes maintained that man made sound judgments from
mathematical deductions and all mathematics are based on principles. From a starting point, logical propositions follow and deductions are formed (Radical, 2001). There are four basic laws of the Cartesian
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