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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
This 10 page paper presents a review of the literature on Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) and Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD). CISM was initially designed for emergency workers as a way to mitigate post-traumatic stress disorder and other symptoms. In recent years, the debriefing component (CISD) has been attacked as not effective and even harmful. This essay reports the components of CISM and CISD and reports and discusses numerous research studies that have been conducted on the processes. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Page Count:
10 pages (~225 words per page)
File: MM12_PGcism.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
many types of critical incidents, such as assault, abuse, disasters, life threatening experiences, severe injury, homicides, and even highly publicized crimes and events, such as the 9/11 attacks on America
(Pulley, 2004). Individuals have different ways of reacting to the incident, such as denial that it even happened (Pulley, 2004). People also have different ways of trying to cope with
it, which usually involve flight, fight and freeze behaviors (Pulley, 2004). High anxiety, anger, aggression, feeling numb, depersonalizing the incident or other dissociative coping mechanisms (Pulley, 2004). An inability to
cope effectively along with prolonged stressful reactions may and often do lead to post-traumatic stress disorder. Critical incident stress management (CISM) and Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) have been
promoted as processes to avoid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The CISM process was initially designed for emergency workers, including police officers, emergency medical teams, firefighters, nurses, and so on. Since
then, it has also been used in schools, hospitals, companies, the military and in other venues where critical incidents have occurred (McNally, 2004). We all might remember announcements for critical
incident stress management support from the Red Cross and other organizations following the 9/11 attacks. To discuss the controversy over Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD), it is necessary to
discuss Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) because the two are being confused in the literature. Jeffrey Mitchell, MD, at the University of Maryland, designed a program, CISM, that would
mitigate stress in emergency workers (Pulley, 2004). Everly and Mitchell explain that the goal is "to reduce the incidence, duration, and severity of, or impairment from, traumatic stress" (cited by
McNally, 2004). CISM is a multipart program that is intended to prevent post-trauma or critical incident stress (Pulley, 2004). This program is based on cross-training of mental health workers and
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