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This is a 10 page paper discussing the social theories of Emile Durkheim and in relation to social theories of the social phenomenon of substance use and abuse. The social theories of Emile Durkheim relate to the important social factors of group cohesion, integration, interaction, limits and controls over its members. Without these aspects during times of rapid change and stress, group cohesion breaks down, called anomie by Durkheim, resulting in social deviance from groups members which may include substance use and abuse. Today’s studies on substance use and abuse take into account biological, psychological and social factors but group relationships are those which are considered as the “protective factors” for prevention of substance use and abuse. Those who are members of groups including families, schools, peers, social and religious which have higher cohesive, interactive and integration levels, are less likely to deviate from the morals and values of that group and interactive group programs are encouraged as preventative and supportive measures in communities considered at-risk for substance use and abuse and for those who are in addiction therapy. Bibliography lists 6 sources.

This is a 4 page paper discussing the philosophical arguments presented in regards to cloning. Philosophical arguments against the process of cloning, a medical procedure of duplicating genetic code (DNA) of individuals in order to produce a new generation of “duplicates”, is not only based on the moral considerations raised by those in society in regards to the uniqueness of individuals and the preservation of “human dignity” but also in regards to the safety of the procedure and how it will be used in the future. In consideration of cloning, philosopher Lady Mary Warnock presents arguments based on a “hypothetical” future in which cloning has been deemed a safe procedure while additional discussion takes further account of using morality as a sound basis for medical decisions. Bibliography lists 4 sources.

This 7 page report discusses “spam” or bulk emailing. Such a practice has been described by anti-spam organization as being “the crack cocaine of marketing -- cheap, readily available; it’s irresistible to the addict that uses it over and over.” Others who support using spam to market their products claim it is simply a tool for marketing. This report considers several of the issues involved, as well as legislative efforts to control spam. Bibliography lists 6 sources.

This 5 page paper examines the intriguing accounts within this book and the myriad stories told by various authors who are persons of color. This compelling book gives the reader insight as to what many African-Americans have found it to be like to be growing up as a black person in today's society. Bibliography lists one source.

This is a 10 page paper discussing economic and labor responsibilities in children in rural farm families and urban working class children. Joy Parr’s chapter “Apprentice or Adopted” (1994) and Neil Sutherland’s chapter “The Working Lives of Modern Pioneers” (1997) tell of the work ethics, expectations, patriarchal control, family economic status, and gender role development in rural households and communities. Parr addresses the enterprising structure of families on farms which in addition to their gendered-role structure in which all members of families must contribute to the maintenance of the farm, also takes into account the position of immigrant children apprentices. While many farm children are unable to attend schools because of obligations on the farm, this is further diminished in regards to the immigrant children who have fewer educational opportunities than farm children. Sutherland’s work further argues the opportunities which are missed by rural children who are not always able to go to school because of work obligations on the farm. He argues that urban children, who do not have these same obligations, are therefore offered more educational opportunities and subsequent professional opportunities. John Bullen in his article “Hidden Workers: Child Labour and the Family Economy in Late Nineteenth-Century Urban Ontario” (1992) takes this argument one step further. While agreeing that rural children are at a disadvantage because of their labor obligations, so too are urban working class children who also live within family structures where every family member must contribute either in labor or wages in order to sustain the family lifestyle. In all cases, middle and upper class children who do not have the same labor obligations are given more educational, professional and social mobility opportunities in their stead. Bibliography lists 6 sources.

This is a 9 page paper discussing Northwest Airlines in regards to the airline industry and the environmental economic impact on the industry since September 11, 2001 and the recent war in Iraq. Northwest Airlines is the fourth largest airline in the world with over 1,500 daily departures and its effective alliance with KLM Royal Dutch Airlines in Amsterdam adds an incentive for international passengers. The official guidelines and expectations of the company in 1995 included “forward-looking statements” which included the recognition of risks and uncertainties in the airline industry such as war risk coverage and the general economic conditions in the United States. Since the end of the Gulf War in the early 1990s, Northwest and the rest of the airline industry were making a slow recovery and had increased the total aircraft fleet in the industry by 50%. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 however resulted in a loss of over $10 billion and 100,000 positions in the industry. While the government provided financial assistance to airlines in cash and loan guarantees, the same assistance is not guaranteed to the airlines in light of the recent war in Iraq in which Northwest alone has had to decrease its flight schedule by 1,500 departures, its fleet by 20 aircraft and its employees by 4,900 positions. Comparatively however, Northwest has faired well as airlines such as United, U.S. Air and American are either in the process of bankruptcy or are near that financial breaking point. The ongoing growth or recovery of the industry continues to be directly a result of political and global changes in addition to the usual industry factors of competition, customer satisfaction, technological innovations and product scope; all factors which Northwest has taken into account in its maintenance of its high rank in the industry. Bibliography lists 7 sources.

This 13 page paper answers the following questions; 1. Will an increase in government spending in a closed economy contribute to crowding out in the private sector? 2. Can fiscal policy be an effective method of influencing short run levels of output if the investment demand curve is elastic? 3. Can there only be gains from trade between two countries if one of them has a higher productivity in all goods? 4. Will an increase in aggregate demand produce a permanent in the rate of long term economic growth? 5. Will a Philips curve shift in response to a change in inflationary expectations. The paper then discuses the following statements; “There will be no increase in the long term rate of economic growth resulting from an increase in the savings rate”, “The faster the rate of technical progress, the higher will be the rate of economic growth” and “Once the public sector accounts for 30% of GDP, further expansion is damaging to the rate of economic growth”. The bibliography cites 6 sources.

4 pages in length. Opinions about why Vietnam occurred are as vast and varied as the number of soldiers killed in combat; that some are decidedly more apropos to the real reasons behind the war speak to the way in which certain accounts try to hide the truth behind a façade of political responsibility. Three examples of different Vietnam perspectives include Patrick J. Hearden's book entitled The Tragedy of Vietnam, Larry L. King's article "Machismo In the White House" and "Why Are We in Vietnam" by Lyndon Johnson illustrate these diversities in such a way to make one think at least one of them is talking about a different war entirely. Bibliography lists 3 sources.

Large numbers of companies use activity based costing, but this is not always visible from their accounting procedures. This 50 page paper looks at 12 case studies to assess the reason why and the ways in which companies use, and benefit from, activity based costing. The case studies are chosen across a ranger of industries and are made up of both large and small companies. The majority of cases show that the activity based costing approach is able to give businesses a competitive edge, either directly supporting a competitive advantage or helping the development of competitiveness and the realisation of other strategies such as growth and profit maximization. However, it is only a tool, and its’ use does not automatically result in success, for this reason a case sturdy where the use was not fully successful is also included, the main issue is the way in which the data is used, with the most value added and the greatest competitive edge being obtained when the approach is used in conjunction with other tools and approaches, such as with the balanced scorecard and considering the human aspects for both employees and customers. The case studies include Bluemont Nurseries, Xerox, Coca-Cola, Mobil Oil, A&W and Hyde Park Electronics. The bibliography cites 41 sources.

15 pages in length. The practice of medicine is a business no different from any other industry; when mistakes are made operator, they are both acknowledged and rectified. Most times an apology accompanies the correction, such as with an overcharge at a retail store or an incomplete repair at the mechanics. However, when a health care practitioner makes an error, the corrective measure is not as simple as a refund or redoing the procedure; rather, mistakes are not readily accounted for and even hidden with the hopes no one will find out. The extent to which medical errors can maim or otherwise compromise the patient's quality of life is both grand and far-reaching; that disclosure is not always forthcoming speaks to multitude of personal and legal trouble the responsible party seeks to avoid. Given today's litigious social climate, the propensity for medical errors to remain undocumented is a risk factor that stands to detrimentally impact not only the practitioner but also all those who were even remotely involved, including the hospital or clinic. Weighing this risk while at the same time respecting the patient's ethical right to know the truth presents a dichotomy that may be equally resolved with a simple two-word phrase: I'm sorry. Bibliography lists 10 sources.

Procopius of Caesarea outlined an in-depth view of the collapse of the Hagia Sophia and the rebuilding of the fallen structure in his work The Buildings (Translated by H.B. Dewing and G. Downey). This 4 page paper considers the impact of this assessment for viewing the World Trade Center. Bibliography lists 4 sources.

An 11 page paper discussing various data mining techniques and their applicability to marketing tasks. The paper examines searching newsgroups postings, web mining and opt-in email lists as workable approaches to gaining consumer information for the purpose of more narrowly targeting the Internet consumer. It recommends a combination of web mining and opt-in lists as a realistic and cost effective method of gaining valuable consumer information without entering the world of spam. Bibliography lists 12 sources.

7 pages in length. By looking at the life and work of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, one will gain a significant understanding of how important she has been to the legal system in particular, as well as the entire population in general. Her firm stand upon tough issues that might otherwise be swept under the proverbial carpet clearly demonstrates her desire to create a nation based upon equity and inherent freedoms as set down by the United States Constitution. Bibliography lists 8 sources.

(5pp) One of the wonderful things about old-fashioned roll-top desks, was that there were many cubbyholes for sorting out "things;" then if there was still too much mess, one had the option of just pulling down the top cover and hiding it all. There are times when we hope that is true with the arts-that it can be arranged and ordered, and that which we do not understand, can simply be covered, or hidden. Artistic "modernism" was not content with historic pigeon-holing and sought to give voice to individualism, and expression to that part of our world that was locked between two world wars. The work of Baudelaire and Rilke in the Moderist framework will be considered. Bibliography lists 5 sources.

5 pages. Dell Computer Corporation is one of the top organizations in its industry, with a large range of products ranging from desktop computer systems to notebooks, servers, workstations, peripherals, as well as a wide range of software and support systems. This paper compares the performance of this company since last year, with a thorough analysis of the financial statistics. Bibliography lists 4 sources.

5 pages. The Department of International Business at the University of North Carolina-Charlotte is easily considered one of the top in its field. With experts in the field of international business on staff as well as award winning publications and website information, this prestigious department is more well known than its humble beginnings would suggest. Bibliography lists 6 sources.

5 pages in length. American Airlines is one of the world's most well-known passenger airlines. In today's highly competitive airline market, American clearly stays near the top in its field. But as technology progresses, so do the social implications and problems associated with getting travelers safely from point A to point B. This paper reflects on these and other issues and how the Airlines deal with them. Bibliography lists 4 sources.

A 9 page paper discussing conflict between principals and agents when companies merge. This conflict can arise at any point and between any groups that can be seen as principal (owner) and agent (manager). The old notions of majority rule and spoils for the victor survive, however. Shareholders accept or reject offers by majority vote, and the overtaking company generally replaces top management at the target with its own people. Consolidation of positions assist in achieving cost savings and averting unnecessary conflict. Bibliography lists 10 sources.

A 16 page paper discussing health care in "the health state." It ranks at the top or bottom of all national lists, and in all categories aside from those of cost, its position is determined by which position can be considered as being the most favorable. As example, Hawaii is first in average life span, 48th in cancer occurrence. These grand results come at substantial financial cost, however, and Hawaii is struggling with keeping health care accessible to all while also ensuring the financial health of providers. The purpose here is to examine the current situation. Seven figures. Bibliography lists 12 sources.

This 6 page report discusses the fact that illegal drugs have been a top concern of the CIA for decades but in the 1950s and 1960s, that concern was based more on what certain drugs could accomplish for the CIA rather than what the drugs would do to human beings. It took full advantage of its power to take any sort of action in secrecy and tested LSD on both willing and completely unaware people. Bibliography lists 5 sources.

A 5 page paper discussing Amazon.com's current position by means of a SWOT analysis. Amazon.com leads all other online booksellers, if not in profit than at least in recognition. It is the most visited site in the US and is one of the two or three top sites in Great Britain, France, Germany and Japan. The company has yet to show any business results but loss, but investors and management alike believe the losses are over. Bibliography lists 6 sources.

This 12 page report discusses REITs or “Real Estate Investment Trusts” and their current investment potentials. Real estate investment trusts were once thought of as either sleepy, defensive vehicles linked with the checkered past of the financial instruments of the ‘80s or else simply obscure investment vehicles. REITs currently account for approximately ten percent of the commercial real estate holdings in the United States. Many analysts are convinced that REITs combine the best features of real estate and stocks, giving an investor a practical and efficient means to include professionally managed real estate in an investment portfolio. Bibliography lists 12 sources.

5 pages. The small, essentially private enterprise economy of Belize is based primarily on agriculture, agro-based industry, and merchandising, with tourism and construction assuming increasing importance for the local economy. Agriculture accounts for about twenty percent of GDP and provides seventy-five percent of export earnings, while sugar, the chief crop, accounts for almost forty percent of hard currency earnings. The United States, Belize's main trading partner, is assisting in efforts to reduce dependency on sugar with an agricultural diversification program. Bibliography lists 4 sources.

A 10 page paper discussing the benefits and problems of automating these two accounting functions in the real world. AP accountants need to reconcile invoices at several steps before final payment authorization is made, a process that has been standard for decades. As the pace of business increases, however, the time delays in paying outstanding invoices are increasingly problematic. Simply automating is not enough, but there are services and accounting packages now that enable organizations to speed their reconciliation processes so that they can take advantage of "net 30" discounts. The ultimate aim is to match just-in-time shipment with payment made on the same basis. Bibliography lists 10 sources.

Sociobiology is the study of the biological bases of behavior in the context of neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory. This 6 page paper asserts that biology (either micro or macro) does not determine human behavior. The sociobiological view fails to adequately account for or explain behavioral patterns in humans. Bibliography lists 3 sources.