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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
A page overview of the complexity of mechanisms involved in the secretion of catecholamine hormones such as epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline). This paper emphasizes the importance of the chromaffin cells of the the adrenal medulla. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Page Count:
7 pages (~225 words per page)
File: AM2_PPchroma.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
complex group of specialized cells, glands, and hormones which function in the release of hormones, those chemicals which act as messengers between endocrine glands and various cells throughout the body
(Hickman, Hickman, and Hickman, 1974). The adrenal medulla is important in that it contains chromaffin cells, cells which secrete such catecholamine hormones as epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and a
variety of other neuropeptides such as enkephalin. There are two types of these chromaffin cells: the adrenergic cells and the noradrenergic cells. The adrenergic cells secrete norepinephrine.
The adrenal medulla is pivotal in maintaining homeostasis as well as in response to stress. These catacholamines are extremely important in controlling the way we act in times
of stress or times of fright. A number of factors can influence the manufacture, storage and release of these substances. These factors include nutrition and a variety of
physiological influences. Receptor density is particularly important as a mechanism in the selective release of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Glucortosoids are important as
well in this release in that they impact gene expression in adrenergic and noradrenergic cells and increase the expression of phenylethanolamine N-methlytransferase, an enzyme that is important in the conversion
of norepinephrine to epinephrine and quite possibly the conversion of noradrenergic cells into adrenergic cells. Yoshida-Hiroi, Bradbury, Eisenhofer, Hiroi, Vale, et. al. (2002) report that Corticotropin-releasing hormone Type 1
is not only a primary regulator of the hypothalimic-pituitary-adrenocrotical axis, it is critical in normal chromaffin cell structure and function. Consequently, the deletion of this gene results in a:
"significant impairment of epinephrine biosynthesis (Yoshida-Hiroi, Bradbury, Eisenhofer, Hiroi, Vale, et. al., 2002)."
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