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Essay / Research Paper Abstract
This 12 page paper examines the United States government in practice and how the structure affects the making of policy. Several sections shed light on different subjects. Topics include group norms, experience and expertise of the actors, the position of the branch, and the perspectives of the institution as a whole. Specific examples are provided. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Page Count:
12 pages (~225 words per page)
File: RT13_SA405pol.rtf
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Unformatted sample text from the term paper:
a large extent, the structure is based on ideology and and political philosophy. Policy processes and outcomes are contingent on the system in which the government operates. Clearly, without breaches
in such a structure, policy that is effected is aligned with the designers original philosophy. Yet, there are many factors that tend to change the landscape and reduce the certainty
of outcome. To a large extent, the actors and their personalities, goals and agendas intrude. Other things that clearly have an effect are the branch of government in which the
decision-making process takes place and the position of the branch. Norms and perspectives which come from a committee or agency will affect the outcome of an issue as well. Once
again, the perspective of the government as a whole will certainly be relevant as the outcome will always be in the confines of the rules and dictums that come from
what is construed as possible. By no means do the actors have complete freedom to be creative and introduce completely new material. Rather, they must live within certain conventions. Clearly,
the effects of the institutional structure on policy processes and policy outcomes should not be underestimated. The fact that the structure is taken for granted does not diminish its influence
in a variety of processes and most certainly does affect outcomes. One important question comes to light, which is, where do these structures originate and how are they maintained
and transformed (Olsen, 2001)? One author explains that there is a sense of importance in terms of deliberate design and reform and that institutional structures actually impose elements of order
to mitigate a chaotic world (2001). Institutions do also have a semblance of robustness that can guard against external changes or deliberate reforms (March and Olsen 1984, 743; 1989
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